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The beam energy in carbon-ion radiotherapy determines the particle range and therefore the quality of dose delivery. Existing range-verification devices can only be used under dedicated quality-assurance conditions and cannot detect energy changes introduced during clinical delivery. To address this limitation, we developed a real-time beam-energy monitoring method based on time-of-flight (TOF) measurements using two compact, radiation-hard CO₂-filled parallel-plate chambers. Full detector waveforms were analyzed by cross-correlation to determine TOF with high precision across clinically relevant carbon-ion beam energies and intensities.
Paulo Silva, Marcos Gouveia